ACCA FR“無中生有”的無形資產(chǎn)—intangible assets的確認條件

IAS 38 Intangible Assets和IFRS 3 Business Combinations均談及了無形資產(chǎn)的確認條件(recognition criteria)。同學們要辨別清楚單體報表上的確認條件,并進一步學習合并報表上的特殊確認規(guī)則。

應(yīng)對考試時,確實僅靠死記例子,就能做對題目。籠統(tǒng)地以外購、內(nèi)部形成、收購視作外購的邏輯,來判斷能否確認無形資產(chǎn),只是歸納現(xiàn)象,而非探尋本質(zhì)。只有從理論層面進行歸納整理,才能更廣泛地將知識運用于實踐。

廣義上,我們都會稱computer software, patents, copyrights, motion picture films, customer lists, mortgage servicing rights, fishing licences, import quotas, franchises, customer or supplier relationships, customer loyalty, market share and marketing rights為“無形的資源(intangible resources)”。但這離能被確認到資產(chǎn)負債表里作為一項“無形資產(chǎn)”,仍有一定距離。

IAS 38給出的無形資產(chǎn)確認條件,是最基本的參考依據(jù):

The recognition of an item as an intangible asset requires an entity to demonstrate that the item meets:

(1) the definition of an intangible asset (“An intangible asset is an identifiable non-monetary asset without physical substance”); and

(2) the recognition criteria (“(a) it is probable that the expected future economic benefits that are attributable to the asset will flow to the entity; and (b) the cost of the asset can be measured reliably.”).

即一方面要符合無形資產(chǎn)定義(definition)(重點應(yīng)關(guān)注資產(chǎn)定義里的“control(控制)”,和此處提及的“identifiable(可辨認的)”),另一方面要符合額外的確認條件(probable inflow和reliable cost)(這種資本化條件,其實在很多其他與資產(chǎn)相關(guān)的準則里也經(jīng)常出現(xiàn))。

上述“無形的資源”上的支出,一旦無法資本化,則應(yīng)該費用化(費用化時,相當于計入了internally generated goodwill)。

1. 符合無形資產(chǎn)的定義——control和identifiable

IAS 38明確,廣義上的“無形的資源”,并非都能在狹義上滿足無形資產(chǎn)的“定義”。

Control作為“定義”中的一道門檻,自不必多提,只要是資產(chǎn)都要滿足這個條件。諸如customer relationships or loyalty(若不受法律或合同保護)很難被認為被企業(yè)所控制——客戶的口味說換就換,現(xiàn)有的市場份額未必是未來收益的保障。

無形資產(chǎn)的“定義”中,另一個關(guān)鍵門檻是“identifiable”,也是后文歸納時的重要指標。

An asset is identifiable if it either:

(a) is separable, ie is capable of being separated or divided from the entity and sold, transferred, licensed, rented or exchanged, either individually or together with a related contract, identifiable asset or liability, regardless of whether the entity intends to do so; or

(b) arises from contractual or other legal rights, regardless of whether those rights are transferable or separable from the entity or from other rights and obligations.

簡單來說,要滿足identifiable,需要滿足separable(可分離的)或contractual(合同性的)——separable指的是該資產(chǎn)要能夠從企業(yè)中分離出來,被交易走;contractual則指該資產(chǎn)源于合同或其他法定權(quán)利。

在FR考試中,同學們遇到的絕大多數(shù)形似無形資產(chǎn)的“無形的資源”,都能夠滿足identifiable的條件,它們或separable(如customer listbrand),或contractual(如licence)。

反例是internally generated goodwill——除非出售企業(yè)的控制權(quán)(即涉及后文會談及的企業(yè)合并),否則無法交易走internally generated goodwill,因此個別報表視角下,它not identifiable,自然就無法資本化(此外其實其成本也難以被可靠計量)。

2. 符合無形資產(chǎn)的確認條件——probable inflow和reliable cost

假如通過第1關(guān)“無形資產(chǎn)的定義”,那么就要接著考慮第2關(guān)“確認條件”——

(a) It is probable that the expected future economic benefits that are attributable to the asset will flow to the entity; and

(b) The cost of the asset can be measured reliably.

Research costs”和“滿足PIRATE之前的development costs”就倒在(a)probable inflow上——研發(fā)項目八字還沒有一撇,很難說存在很可能流入企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟利益,因此無法資本化。

Internally generated的其他無形資產(chǎn),如brand、customer list等,倒在了(b)reliable cost上——在內(nèi)部形成它們時所發(fā)生的支出,往往難以與企業(yè)整體業(yè)務(wù)的開發(fā)成本(cost of developing the business as a whole)相區(qū)分(distinguish),因此它們被視作無法可靠計量成本。但若這些資產(chǎn)來自于外購(acquired),則成本被視作能夠可靠計量,可以確認為無形資產(chǎn)。

滿足PIRATE之后的development costs”就可以通過這兩個確認條件,資本化為無形資產(chǎn)。